Electric Motor Applications in Electric Loaders

With the global construction movement toward cleaner, more energy efficient solutions, electric loaders have become a leading alternative to traditional diesel-powered machines. These battery-electric vehicles are being deployed most notably in urban, mining, and industrial contexts where low emissions and noise are paramount. The key enabler of mobility, lifting capacity and operation efficiency for every electric loader is the electric motor.

1. Electric Loader Architecture and Motor Arrangement

Electric loaders have eliminated the traditional internal combustion engine and transmission drive system by using a modular system comprising:

High-voltage battery packs

Electric drive motors

Electronic control units

Hydraulic systems powered by motor-driven hydraulic pumps

Depending on the size of the machine and performance requirements electric loaders can use:

Dual Motor Architecture: the drive system uses separate motors for the front and rear axles, this is designed for high-power application and heavy-duty loaders.

Single Motor Drive: using a centralised design, this has been designed for compact wheel loaders.

In-Wheel Motor (Electric Hub Motor): this eliminates the need for a drive shaft and the motor is contained within the wheel hub.

2. Key Performance Criteria for Motors in Electric Loaders

Electric motors must meet high-performance standards for a motor to endure the massive loads and cyclic behaviour of a loader:

High Torque and Power Density: allows for quick tractive force and responsive acceleration under full load.

Wide Speed Regulation Range: allows for smooth performance at various operating speeds.

High Efficiency: allows for maximum use of power and the operating time of the battery.

Compact and Sealed Design (IP65/IP67): suitable for poorly maintained outdoor environments with dust and water.

Optimised Thermal Management: allows for long-term stable motor function when working continuously.

Control System Interoperability: compatibility with controllers, BMSs, and networks including CAN.

3. Types of Motors for Electric Loaders

Commonly used electric motor types are:

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM): high efficiencies, fast dynamic response, compact size; large preference among high-performing electric loaders.

AC Induction Motor (ACIM): historically known, less expensive technologies. Suitable for medium-duty applications where performance characteristics are not as important.

Some foregoing designs now specify liquid-cooled, high-voltage torque motors if sustainable consistent performance under extreme external conditions is required.

4. The Market Outlook

Electric loaders are becoming more prevalent in several sectors in areas such as municipal engineering, industrial warehousing and ports. Their attributes such as energy savings (cost), reduced maintenance and no emissions operation are proving to be a worthwhile investment for public and privately funded enterprises.

The Shandong Depuda Motor Co., Ltd. (China) offers a variety of high-performance motor solutions designed specifically for electric loaders. Their products have a recognized brand acceptance for durability, efficient energy operating budgets, and interoperability with modern control platforms, supplying customers with the capacity to realize increased productivity, efficiency and environmental accountability.